Advances in Clinical Optometry: Ophthalmic Drug Therapy and Drug Delivery System

Main Article Content

Dania A. Victor
Azubuike C. Uchenna

Abstract

Background: Ocular drug delivery system refers to the approaches, formulations and technologies, for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the eye in order to safely achieve the desired therapeutic effect. The conventional topical eye drop solutions, emulsions, suspensions and ointments, although being the most convenient and patient compliant route/system of drug administration, can hardly maintain therapeutic drug levels for a long duration in target tissues. Some other drug delivery systems which are also relatively new, in terms of widespread adoption include sustained-release implants and inserts.


Objective: Since medications in general constantly require modifications in chemical constituents, formulation and also in their delivery systems for improved efficacy, novel, safe and patient compliant formulations such as suspensions and implants, and drug delivery devices/technologies such as contact lenses and eye drop dispensers capable of delivering and maintaining consistent drug levels in target tissues are continually being developed; enhancing ocular bioavailability of therapeutics through micro dosing and sustained drug release.


Methods: This was basically peer reviewed by the researchers after searching through literatures objectively to bridge the missing gaps.


Conclusion: Optometrists and other eye care practitioners should therefore take advantage of these novel drugs to improve their practices for better patient management outcomes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
A. Victor , D. ., & C. Uchenna, A. . (2022). Advances in Clinical Optometry: Ophthalmic Drug Therapy and Drug Delivery System. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Science Research, 11(1), 9–19. Retrieved from https://www.nijophasr.net/index.php/nijophasr/article/view/468
Section
Articles

References

American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). (2017, November 13). Wouldn’t it be great if eyedrops didn’t spill out of your eyes? ScienceDaily.

Aref, A. A. (2021). Durysta (Bimatoprost Implant). EyeWiki: Official Journal of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Bachu, D. R., Chowdhury, P., Al-saedi, Z. H. F., Karla, P. K. and Boddu, S. H. S. (2018). Ocular drug delivery barriers: Role of nanocarriers in the treatment of anterior segment ocular diseases. Pharmaceutics, 10(1), 28.

Basu, T. (2021, April 1). Five things you should know about intracameralbimatoprost sustained release implant. eOphtha.

Boddu, S. H. S., Gunda, S. Earla, R. and Mitra, A. K. (2010). Ocular microdialysis: A continuous sampling technique to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the eye. Bioanalysis, 2, 487–507.

Bourlais, C. L., Acar, L., Zia, H., Sado, P. A., Needham, T., and Leverge, R. (1998). Ophthalmic drug delivery systems: Recent advances. Progressin Retinal and Eye Research, 17, 33–58.

Craven, E. R. (2020, September 1). Tips and tricks for Durysta injection: Put new procedures in place for sustained-release therapy. Ophthalmology Management, 24(Glaucoma Physician), 12-14, 16. https://www.glaucomaphysician.net/issues/2020/september-2020/tips-and-tricks-for-durysta-injection#reference-12.

Donnenfeld, E., and Holland, E. (2018). Dexamethasone intracameral drug-delivery suspension for inflammation associated with cataract surgery: A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Ophthalmology, 125(6), 799-806.

EyePoint Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2020, June). DEXYCU® (dexamethasone intraocular suspension) 9% full U.S. Prescribing Information.

Forcinio, H. B. (2021, March 15). Packaging delivers micro dose. Equipment and processing report, 17 March 2021, 14(3).PharmTech.https://www.pharmtech.com/view/packaging-delivers-micro-dose.

Gaballa, S. A., Kompella, U. B., Elgarhy, O., Algahtani, A. M., Pierscionek, B., Alany, R. G., and Abdelkader, H. (2021). Corticosteroids in ophthalmology: Drug delivery innovations, pharmacology, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 11, 866–893 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-020-00843-z.

Gaudana, R. Ananthula, H. K., Parenky, A. and Mitra, A. K. (2010). Ocular drug delivery. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists Journal, 12(3), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-010-9183-3.

Gumbiner, B. (1987). Structure, biochemistry and assembly of epithelial tight junctions. American Journal of Physiology, 253(6 Pt 1), C749–C758.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1987.253.6.C749.

Harrison, L. (2021, November 1). FDA approves eye drops for presbyopia. Medscape.https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/rhopressa-eye-drop-23521372591.html.

Hill, G., and Biernacinski, M. (2019, December 10). Year in review of optometric advancements. Optometry Times.https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/year-review-optometric-advancements.

Honjo, M., and Tanihara, H. (2018). Impact of the clinical use of ROCK inhibitor on the pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology, 62(2), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0566-9.

https://dexycu.com/preparation-and-administration-of-dexycu/

Hurwitz, J., Maisey, M., and Welham, R. (1975). Quantitative lacrimal scintillography. I. Method and physiological application. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 59, 308–312.

Klyce, S. D., and Crosson, C. E. (1985). Transport processes across the rabbit corneal epithelium: A review. Current Eye Research, 4, 323–331.

Lee, V. H. L. and Robinson, J. R. (1979). Mechanistic and quantitative evaluation of precorneal pilocarpine disposition in albino rabbits. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 68, 673–684.

Liang, H., Brignole-Baudouin, F., Rabinovich-Guilatt, L., Mao, Z., Riancho, L., Faure, M. O, Warnet, J. M., Lambert, G., and Baudouin, C. (2008). Reduction of quaternary ammonium-induced ocular surface toxicity by emulsions: An in vivo study in rabbits. Molecular Vision, 14, 204–216.

Mannermaa, E., Vellonen, K. S., and Urtti, A. (2006). Drug transport in corneal epithelium and blood–retina barrier: Emerging role of transporters in ocular pharmacokinetics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 58, 1136–1163.

McDonald, M. B. (2019, January 3). Understanding topical ophthalmic drug delivery: How much gets in? Healio News. https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20181226/understanding-topical-ophthalmic-drug-delivery-how-much-gets-in.

Medscape. (2021). Dexamethasone ophthalmic insert.https://reference.medscape.com/drug/dextenza-dexamethasone-ophthalmic-insert-1000162.

Patel, A., Cholkar, K. Agrahari, V. and Mitra, A. K. (2013). Ocular drug delivery system: An overview. World Journal of Pharmacology, 2(2), 47-64. https://doi.org/5497/wjp.v2.i2.47.

Rathi, S., and Scott, B. (2020, May). Evaluation of topical ophthalmic medication administration using a Microdose Dispenser (MiDD) in multiple controlled clinical trials.https://ascrs.confex.com/ascrs/20am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/67598.

Reimondez-Troiti?o, S., Csaba, N., Alonso, M. J., and de la Fuente, M. (2015). Nanotherapies for the treatment of ocular diseases. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics: Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnike. V, 95, 279-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.019. Copyright 2015, Elsevier.

Rhopressa drops- uses, side effects and more. (2022). WebMD.https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-174977/rhopressa-ophthalmic-eye/details.

Rocklatan 0.02%-0.005% eye drops ophthalmic antiglaucoma agents- uses, side effects, and more. (2022). WebMD.https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-176997/rocklatan-ophthalmic-eye/details.

Samaniego, C. (2020, May). In focus: Revolution in glaucoma medications. EyeWorld.https://www.eyeworld.org/2020/an-overview-of-new-glaucoma-medications/

Schehlein, E. M., and Robin, A. L. (2019). Rho-associated kinase inhibitors: Evolving strategies in glaucoma treatment. Drugs, 79(10), 1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-01130-z

Sharom, F. J. (2008). ABC multidrug transporters: Structure, function and role in chemoresistance. Pharmacogenomics, 9, 105–127.

Sheybani, A., Smith, T., Bacharach, J., Craven, R., and Mah, F. (2021). Understanding the safety and efficacy of Durysta (bimatoprostintracameral implant).Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today.https://crstoday.com/articles/allergan-supplement-0121/understanding-the-safety-efficacy-of-durysta-bimatoprost-intracameral-implant/

Singh, P. I. (2021, May 19). Intracapsular administration may simplify dexycu technique. Healio News.

Sirinek, P. E., and Lin, M. M. (2021). Intracameral sustained release bimatoprost implants (Durysta). Seminars in ophthalmology, 1–6. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1985145.

Urtti, A. and Amo, E. M. (2008). Current and future ophthalmic drug delivery systems: A shift to the posterior segment. Elsevier Limited, 13(3-4), 135-143.

Vandamme, T. F. (2002). Microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future challenges. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 21, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-9462(01)00017-9.