Evaluation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil from crude oil spilled sites in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: As a result of the illegal oil refining activities within the oil producing area of the Niger Delta Area the environment is highly degraded. In the course of this activities a lot of pollutants among them polyaromatic hydrocarbons are released into the soil. This then creates a serious impact: destroying the wildlife habitat. This study was carried out within Ibalabiri Community in Ogbia LGA of Bayelsa State to ascertain the variation of these PAHs in and around the affected area of study.
Methods: Sampling were done at four different selected sites within Ibalabiri community during the dry season. The pre-prepared samples were extracted for PAHs using Hexane: Dichloromethane solvent mixture with the aid of a soxhlet apparatus. The extract was further fractionated with the aid of a gradient column chromatography into aliphatic and aromatic fractions. The aromatic fraction was subjected to GC-MS and evaluated for PAHs constituents.
Result: The low molecular weight PAHs identified included: naphthalene, acenaphylene, acenaphthalene, fluorine, phenantrene, anthracene while the high molecular weight PAHs were fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene in all the 4 samples. Pyrene was only detected in samples 2 and 3. The total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 452.00 mg/kg in sample 1 to 456. 6 mg/kg in sample 2.
Conclusion: The presence of these PAHs is due to petrogenic source. Considering the toxicity of PAHs the result of the present study would be useful and also creates a better understanding of the source of PAHs pollution and control.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
hydrocarbon and heavy metal concentrations in the Kolo Creek Wetlands, South-South, Nigeria. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res., 11(1): 555801. DOI: 10.1908080/IJESNR.2018.09.555801
Naata, H., Uehara, K., Goto, Y., Fukumura, M., Shimasaki, H., Takikawa, K. and
Miyawaki, T. (2014). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters and sediments from the Yatsushiro Sea, Japan: Comparison of potential risks among PAHs, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in benthic organisms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 99: 61–68.
Pies, C., Hoffmann, B., Petrowsky, J., Yang, Y., Ternes, T.A. and Hofmann, T.
(2008). Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river bank soils. Chemosphere 72: 1594–1601.
Honda, K., Mizukami, M.,Ueda, Y., Hamada, N. and Seike, N. (2007). Residue
level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Japanese paddy soils from 1959 to 2002. Chemosphere 2(68): 1763–1771.
Slezakova, K., Pires, J.C.M., Castro, D., Alvim-Ferraz, M.D.C.M., Delerue-Matos, Morais, S. and Pereira, M.D.C. (2013). PAH air pollution at a Portuguese urban area: Carcinogenic risks and sources identification. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20: 3932–3945.
Tamamura, S., Sato, T., Ota, Y.,Wang, X., Tang, N. and Hayakawa, K. (2007).
Long-range transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the eastern Asian continent to Kanazawa, Japan with Asian dust. Atmos. Environ. 41: 2580–2593.
Honda, M. and Suzuki, N. (2020). Review: Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons for aquatic animals. International Journal of Environmnetal Research and Public Health 17: 1363-1385.
Ushie, L., Chukwu-Okeah, G.O. and Imiete, G. (2020). Oil pollution, water
quality and livelihood sources in the Kolo Creek area, Bayelsa State Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 38(9): 38-47.
Hylland, K. (2006). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ecotoxicology in
marine ecosystems. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 69: 109–123.
Akanimo N. Ekanem, Vincent N. Osabor and Bassey O. Ekpo (2019) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination of soils and water arautomobile repair workshops in Eket metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences 1:447 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0397-4
Lau EV, Gan S, Ng HK (2010) Extraction techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. Int J Anal Chem 2010:1–9
Guo, J., Huang, Y., Bian, S., Zhao, C., Jin, Y., Yu, D., Wu, X., Zhang, D., Cao,W. and Jing, F. (2018). Associations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with bone mass density and osteoporosis in U.S. adults, NHANES 2005-2010. Environ. Pollut. 240: 209–218.
Thiombane M., Albanese S., Di Bonito M., Lima A., Zuzolo D., RolandI R., Qi S., De vivo B. (2019). Source patterns and contamination level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban and rural areas of Southern Italian soils. Environmental geochemistry and health. 41 (2), 507
Cheng, Q., Ge, W., Chai, C., Wu, J., Ma, D., Zeng, L., Zhu X., Chen Q., Li, J. (2019). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Around Coal-Fired Power Plants in Shandong, China. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 28 (1), 53
Morillo E., Romero A. S., Maqueda C., Madrid L., Ajmone-Marsan F., Grcman H., Davidson C. M., Hursthouse A. S., VILLAVERDE J. (2007). Soil pollution by PAHs in urban soils: a comparison of three European cities. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 9 (9), 1001
Balcio?lu E. B., Çevik F. E., Aksu A. (2019). Source Determination and Seasonal Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Soil of the Megacity Istanbul. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 1-9, .
Ciarkowska K., Gambus F., Antonkiewicz J., Koliopoulos T. (2014). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metal contents in the urban soils in southern Poland. Chemosphere. 229.