Phytochemical and In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation Of The Aqueous, Methanol, Butanol and Petroleum Ether Crude Extracts of the Leaf of Boerhavia Diffusa (Nyctaginaceae)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the aqueous, methanol, butanol and petroleum ether crude extracts of Boerhavia diffusa against some clinical isolates were studied using standard phytochemical and microbiological methods. Organisms isolated from wounds, oral infections and urine samples were sourced from the Medical Microbiology laboratory of University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) and the standard strains of microorganisms from the Pharmaceut ical Microbiology Department of University of Benin (UNIBEN). The organisms used for the study include, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli as well as the standard strains; Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis NCTC 8236. The sensitivity of the clinical isolates and standard organisms was carried out using the ditch plate and agar well diffusion method. Results of preliminary sensitivity test using the ditch plate method showed lack of activity of the aqueous and petroleum ether extracts to the test organisms whereas the methanol and butanol extracts were act ive against all the test isolates except P. vulgaris. There was no significant difference in the zones of inhibit ion recorded for the methanol and
butanol extracts. The standard strains of bacteria were more susceptible than their clinically isolated counterp art.
However, the difference in susceptibility between the isolates and the standard strains was not statistically significant. The activity of the extracts was significant (**P<0.01) relative to the negative control (sterile distilled water). The difference in activity between the active extracts and the positive control (ciprofloxacin) was statistically significant (*P<0.05) at the concentrations used. Phytochemical screening results showed the presence of some secondary metabolites (anthraquinone, phenolics, tannins, steroids, carbohydrate, alkaloids and saponins) in the extract. The findings from this study showed the presence of pharmacologically important phytochemicals and the antimicrobial act ivity validates the therapeutic use of the plant.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Akinnibosun, F.I., Akinnibosun, H.A. and Ogedegbe, D. (2009). Investigation on the antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Boerhavia diffusa L. Science World Journal 4(2):1597-6343.
Apurba, S. A., Mahmuda, S. L., Jamaluddin, A.T., Amran, H. M, Repon, K. S., Farhana R. and Nishat, N. (2012). Phytochemical screening and in vitro bioactivities of the extracts of aerial part of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2(9): 673–678.
Ayepola, O.O. (2009). Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Root and Leaf Extracts of Terminalia Glaucescens. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 3(2): 188-191.
Chaudhary, G. and Dantu, P.K. (2011). Morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological, studies on Boerhaavia diffusa leave extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plant Resources 5(11): 2125–2130.
Edeoga, H.O., Okwu, D.E and Mbaebie, B.O. (2005). Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology 4(7): 685-688.
Firas, A., Bayati, L., Sulaiman, R. and Khudir, D.S. (2008). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turkish Journal of Biology 32(409): 57-62.
Habamu, Y., Eguale, T., Wubete, A. and Sori, T. (2010). In vitro antimicrobial activity of some selected Ethiopian medicinal plants against some bacteria of veterinary importance. African Journal of Microbiology Research 4: 1230-1234.
Harbone, J.B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd Edition. Chapman and Hill, London. 279pp.
Nobmann, P., Smith, A., Dunne, J., Henehan, G. and Bourke, P. (2009). The antimicrobial efficacy and structure activity relationship of novel carbohydrate fatty acid derivatives against Listeria spp. and food spoilage microorganisms. International Journal of Food Microbiology 128(3): 440–445
Oduak, K. and Lawrence, C.E. (2008). Phytochemical screening of three selected chewing stick crude extract. Journal of Asian Natural Products and Resources 456 (76): 089-126
Okoli, R.I., Aigbe, O. Ohaju-Obodo, J.O. and Mensah, J.K. (2007). Medicinal herbs used for managing some common ailments among Esan people of Edo state, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6(5): 490–496.
Okwu, D.E. (2004). Phytochemicals and vitamin content of indigenous spices of South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment 6: 30-34.
Okwu, D.E. and Okwu, M.E. (2004). Chemical composition of Spondias mombin Linn.Plant parts. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment 6 (2): 140-147.
Oloyede, A.M., Aduramigba-Modupe, A.O., Efem, I.K. and Ejikeme, C. (2012). Evaluation of the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of a herbal preparation. Nature and Science 10(7): 121-138.
Onwuliri, F.C. and Dawang, N.D. (2006). Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of drumstick plant (Moringa oleifera Lam.) on some bacterial species associated with gastrointestinal diseases. Nigerian Journal of Botany 19(2):272279.
Orisakwe, O.E., Afonne, O.J., Chude, M.A., Obi, E., Ilondu, N.A. and Dioka, C.E. (2003). Subchronic toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa leaves. Journal of Health Science 49(6): 444–447.
Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, O.A. (2005). Microbiology. 6th edition. Mc-Graw Hills, New York.
Ramachandra, Y.L., Ashajyothi, C. and Padmalatha, R. (2012). In vitro antibacterial potential of Boerhavia diffusa. International Journal of advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry 1(3): 654-667.
Smith, M.A.L., Marley, K.A., Seigier, D., Sinletary, W M li B (2000) “Bioactive properties of wild Blueberry fruits “. Journal of Food Science 65 (2): 543-449.
Tatsadjieu, L., Ngang, J., Ngassoum, M. and Etoa, F. (2003). Antibacterial and Antifungal activity of Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora Myristica, Zanthoxylum Xanthoxyloides and Zanthoxylum Leprieurii from Cameroon. Fitoterapia 74: 469-472.